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Constitute species begetting edible fruit

Cranberries
Cranberry bush-league with fruit partially submerged
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ericaceae
Genus:	Vaccinium
Subgenus:	Vaccinium subg. Oxycoccus (Hill) A.Gray
Species
Vaccinium erythrocarpum Vaccinium macrocarpon Vaccinium microcarpum Vaccinium oxycoccos

Approximate ranges of the cranberries in sect. Oxycoccus: Red: common cranberry. Orangish: small cranberry. Green: American cranberry.

Cranberry harvest, Kingston Massachusetts

Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium. In U.k., cranberry may refer to the native species Vaccinium oxycoccos,^[ane] while in North America, cranberry may refer to Vaccinium macrocarpon.^[ii] Vaccinium oxycoccos is cultivated in fundamental and northern Europe, while Vaccinium macrocarpon is cultivated throughout the northern United states, Canada and Republic of chile.^[3] In some methods of classification, Oxycoccus is regarded every bit a genus in its ain correct.^[four] They can be found in acidic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines upwards to two meters (7 ft) long and v to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height;^[5] they have slender, wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have modest evergreen leaves. The flowers are dark pink, with very distinct reflexed petals, leaving the style and stamens fully exposed and pointing forrad. They are pollinated by bees. The fruit is a berry that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. Information technology is edible, only with an acidic taste that ordinarily overwhelms its sweetness.

In 2020, the United States, Canada, and Chile deemed for 97% of the world production of cranberries. Most cranberries are processed into products such equally juice, sauce, jam, and sweetened dried cranberries, with the remainder sold fresh to consumers. Cranberry sauce is a traditional accompaniment to turkey at Christmas and Thanksgiving dinners in the United states and Canada, and at Christmas dinner in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.^[6]

Species and description [edit]

Cranberries are related to bilberries, blueberries, and huckleberries, all in Vaccinium subgenus Vaccinium. These differ in having bell-shaped flowers, the petals not being reflexed, and woodier stems, forming taller shrubs. There are 3-iv species of cranberry, classified past subgenus:^[7]

Subgenus Oxycoccus [edit]

• Vaccinium oxycoccos or Oxycoccus palustris (common cranberry, northern cranberry or cranberry) is widespread throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere, including northern Europe, northern Asia, and northern Due north America. It has pocket-size 5–10 mm ( 1⁄four – three⁄eight  in) leaves, with an inrolled margin. The flowers are dark pinkish, with a purple central fasten, produced on finely hairy stalks. The fruit is a small pale pinkish to red berry, with a refreshing sharp acidic season.
• Vaccinium microcarpum or Oxycoccus microcarpus (small cranberry) occurs in northern N America,^[8] northern Europe and northern Asia. It is highly similar toFive. oxycoccos, differing in the leaves beingness more than triangular, and the flower stems hairless; additionally, their stems can too be smaller and produce a smaller number of flowers than V. ocycoccos. They also differ in the fact that their leaves can be smaller in size, even though the main departure is their triangular shape.^[9] Some botanists include it within V. oxycoccos.
• Vaccinium macrocarpon or Oxycoccus macrocarpus (large cranberry, American cranberry, bearberry) native to northern N America across Canada, and eastern Usa, south to N Carolina at loftier altitudes). It differs from V. oxycoccos in the leaves being larger, 10–20 mm ( iii⁄8 – 3⁄iv  in) long, and apartment, and in the slightly apple tree-like taste of the berries.

Subgenus Oxycoccus, sect. Oxycoccoides [edit]

• Vaccinium erythrocarpum or Oxycoccus erythrocarpus (southern mountain cranberry) native to southeastern N America at high altitudes in the southern Appalachian Mountains, and also in eastern Asia.^{[ citation needed ] [10]}

Etymology [edit]

Vaccinium oxycoccos flowers

The name cranberry derives from the German kraanbere (English translation, craneberry), get-go named every bit cranberry in English by the missionary John Eliot in 1647.^[11] Around 1694, German and Dutch colonists in New England used the give-and-take, cranberry, to stand for the expanding flower, stalk, calyx, and petals resembling the cervix, head, and bill of a crane.^{[12] [thirteen]} The traditional English language name for the found more than mutual in Europe, Vaccinium oxycoccos, fenberry, originated from plants with modest ruddy berries found growing in fen (marsh) lands of England.^[12]

History [edit]

In Northward America, the Narragansett people of the Algonquian nation in the regions of New England appeared to be using cranberries in pemmican for food and for dye.^[13] Calling the cerise berries, sasemineash, the Narragansett people may take introduced cranberries to colonists in Massachusetts.^[13] In 1550, James White Norwood made reference to Native Americans using cranberries, and information technology was the first reference to American cranberries upwardly until this point.^[14] In James Rosier's book The Land of Virginia there is an account of Europeans coming aground and being met with Native Americans bearing bark cups full of cranberries. In Plymouth, Massachusetts, in that location is a 1633 account of the hubby of Mary Ring auctioning her cranberry-dyed petticoat for sixteen shillings. In 1643, Roger Williams'southward book A Fundamental Into the Linguistic communication of America described cranberries, referring to them every bit "bearberries" because bears ate them. In 1648, preacher John Elliott was quoted in Thomas Shepard's volume Articulate Sunshine of the Gospel with an business relationship of the difficulties the Pilgrims were having in using the Indians to harvest cranberries as they preferred to chase and fish. In 1663, the Pilgrim cookbook appears with a recipe for cranberry sauce. In 1667, New Englanders sent to Male monarch Charles 10 barrels of cranberries, three barrels of codfish and some Indian corn as a means of appeasement for his anger over their local coining of the pino tree shilling minted by John Hull in the "Hull Mint" with Daniel Quincy. In 1669, Captain Richard Cobb had a feast in his house (to celebrate both his marriage to Mary Gorham and his election to the Convention of Assistance), serving wild turkey with sauce made from wild cranberries. In the 1672 volume New England Rarities Discovered writer John Josselyn described cranberries, writing:

Sauce for the Pilgrims, cranberry or bearberry, is a small trayling [sic] plant that grows in salt marshes that are overgrown with moss. The berries are of a pale yellow color, afterwards cherry-red, every bit big as a cherry, some perfectly round, others oval, all of them hollow with sower [sic] astringent taste; they are ripe in August and September. They are first-class against the Scurvy. They are also adept to allay the fervor of hoof diseases. The Indians and English use them mush, boyling [sic] them with sugar for sauce to swallow with their meat; and it is a delicate sauce, especially with roasted mutton. Some make tarts with them as with gooseberries.

The Compleat Cook's Guide, published in 1683, made reference to cranberry juice. In 1703, cranberries were served at the Harvard University offset dinner. In 1787, James Madison wrote Thomas Jefferson in France for background information on constitutional government to utilize at the Ramble Convention. Jefferson sent back a number of books on the bailiwick and in return asked for a gift of apples, pecans and cranberries. William Aiton, a Scottish botanist, included an entry for the cranberry in volume 2 of his 1789 work Hortus Kewensis. He notes that Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry) was cultivated past James Gordon in 1760. In 1796, cranberries were served at the starting time celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims, and Amelia Simmons (an American orphan) wrote a book entitled American Cookery which contained a recipe for cranberry tarts.

American Revolutionary State of war veteran Henry Hall start cultivated cranberries in the Cape Cod boondocks of Dennis around 1816.^[thirteen] In the 1820s, Hall was shipping cranberries to New York Metropolis and Boston from which shipments were also sent to Europe.^[thirteen] In 1843, Eli Howes planted his ain crop of cranberries on Greatcoat Cod, using the "Howes" multifariousness. In 1847, Cyrus Cahoon planted a crop of "Early Black" variety near Pleasant Lake, Harwich, Massachusetts.

Past 1900, 21,500 acres (eight,700 ha) were under cultivation in the New England region.^[xiii] In 2021, the total output of cranberries harvested in the United States was 790 million lbs (359 million kg), with Wisconsin every bit the largest country producer (59% of total), followed by Massachusetts and Oregon.^[15]

Tillage [edit]

Geography and bog method [edit]

Historically, cranberry beds were synthetic in wetlands. Today'southward cranberry beds are synthetic in upland areas with a shallow water table. The topsoil is scraped off to form dykes around the bed perimeter. Make clean sand is hauled in and spread to a depth of four to 8 inches (10 to xx centimeters). The surface is laser leveled flat to provide even drainage. Beds are frequently drained with socked tile in improver to the perimeter ditch. In add-on to making it possible to hold water, the dykes allow equipment to service the beds without driving on the vines. Irrigation equipment is installed in the bed to provide irrigation for vine growth and for jump and autumn frost protection.

A mutual misconception about cranberry production is that the beds remain flooded throughout the twelvemonth. During the growing flavor cranberry beds are non flooded, but are irrigated regularly to maintain soil moisture. Beds are flooded in the autumn to facilitate harvest and again during the winter to protect against low temperatures.^[sixteen] In cold climates similar Wisconsin, New England, and eastern Canada, the winter flood typically freezes into water ice, while in warmer climates the water remains liquid. When ice forms on the beds, trucks can be driven onto the ice to spread a thin layer of sand to command pests and rejuvenate the vines. Sanding is done every iii to five years.

Propagation [edit]

Cranberry vines are propagated by moving vines from an established bed. The vines are spread on the surface of the sand of the new bed and pushed into the sand with a blunt disk. The vines are watered ofttimes during the first few weeks until roots form and new shoots grow. Beds are given frequent, light application of nitrogen fertilizer during the first year.^[17] The cost of renovating cranberry beds is estimated to be between $xxx,000 and $fifty,000 per acre ($74,000 and $124,000 per hectare).^[18]

Ripening and harvest [edit]

Cranberry harvest (wet-picking)

Cranberries are harvested in the fall when the fruit takes on its distinctive deep red color, and nigh ideally afterwards the first frost.^[xix] Berries that receive sun turn a deep carmine when fully ripe, while those that practise not fully mature are a pale pink or white color. This is usually in September through the showtime office of November. To harvest cranberries, the beds are flooded with half dozen to viii inches (fifteen to 20 centimeters) of water above the vines. A harvester is driven through the beds to remove the fruit from the vines. For the past 50 years, water reel type harvesters accept been used. Harvested cranberries float in the water and tin can exist corralled into a corner of the bed and conveyed or pumped from the bed. From the subcontract, cranberries are taken to receiving stations where they are cleaned, sorted, and stored prior to packaging or processing. While cranberries are harvested when they have on their deep carmine color, they can also be harvested beforehand when they are still white, which is how white cranberry juice is made.^[twenty] Yields are lower on beds harvested early on and the early flooding tends to impairment vines, simply non severely. Vines can likewise be trained through dry picking to help avoid damage in subsequent harvests.^[21]

Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the The states crop is still dry-picked. This entails college labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to exist immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with ii-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today achieved past motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be pocket-size enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.

Cranberries for fresh market are stored in shallow bins or boxes with perforated or slatted bottoms, which deter decay by allowing air to circulate. Because harvest occurs in belatedly autumn, cranberries for fresh market are frequently stored in thick walled barns without mechanical refrigeration. Temperatures are regulated by opening and endmost vents in the barn as needed. Cranberries destined for processing are normally frozen in bulk containers soon afterwards arriving at a receiving station.

Cranberry product – 2020

Country	Production (tonnes)
United States	355,163
Canada	161,903
Chile	128,054
Earth	663,345
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations [22]

Diseases [edit]

Diseases of cranberry include:

• Cranberry fruit rot
• Cranberry root rot

Production [edit]

In 2020, world production of cranberry was 663,345 tonnes, mainly past the United states of america, Canada, and Chile, which collectively accounted for 97% of the global full (table).^[22] Wisconsin (59% of Usa production) and Quebec (lx% of Canadian production) were the two largest regional producers of cranberries in North America.^{[15] [23]} Cranberries are also a major commercial crop in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington,^{[fifteen] [24]} as well as in the Canadian province of British Columbia (33% of Canadian production).^[23]

Food uses [edit]

Products [edit]

Equally fresh cranberries are hard, sour, and biting, about 95% of cranberries are processed and used to make cranberry juice and sauce. They are also sold dried and sweetened.^{[25] [26]} Cranberry juice is usually sweetened or blended with other fruit juices to reduce its natural tartness. At one teaspoon of sugar per ounce, cranberry juice cocktail is more than highly sweetened than fifty-fifty soda drinks that have been linked to obesity.^[27]

Usually cranberries equally fruit are cooked into a compote or jelly, known equally cranberry sauce. Such preparations are traditionally served with roast turkey, as a staple of Thanksgiving (both in Canada and in the United States) equally well equally English dinners. The berry is also used in blistering (muffins, scones, cakes and breads). In baking information technology is oftentimes combined with orange or orange zest. Less commonly, cranberries are used to add together tartness to savory dishes such every bit soups and stews.^[25]

Fresh cranberries can be frozen at domicile, and will proceed up to nine months; they can be used directly in recipes without thawing.^[26]

There are several alcoholic cocktails, including the Cosmopolitan, that include cranberry juice.

Diet [edit]

Cranberries, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.five oz)
Free energy	46 kcal (190 kJ)
Carbohydrates	12 thou
Sugars	four.3 g
Dietary fiber	3.6 g
Fat	0.one grand
Protein	0.5 grand
Vitamins	Quantity %DV †
Thiamine (B1)	1% 0.012 mg
Riboflavin (Btwo)	2% 0.02 mg
Niacin (B3)	i% 0.101 mg
Pantothenic acrid (Bv)	half dozen% 0.295 mg
Vitamin Bhalf-dozen	four% 0.057 mg
Folate (B9)	0% 1 μg
Vitamin C	17% 14 mg
Vitamin E	9% 1.3 mg
Vitamin K	five% 5 μg
Minerals	Quantity %DV †
Calcium	1% viii mg
Atomic number 26	ii% 0.2 mg
Magnesium	2% 6 mg
Manganese	17% 0.36 mg
Phosphorus	2% 11 mg
Potassium	2% 80 mg
Sodium	0% two mg
Zinc	i% 0.1 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	87 g
Link to USDA Database entry
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using United states of america recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central

Raw cranberries are 87% water, 12% carbohydrates, and contain negligible poly peptide and fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, raw cranberries supply 46 calories and moderate levels of vitamin C, dietary fiber, and the essential dietary mineral manganese, each with more than x% of its Daily Value. Other micronutrients take low content (table).

Stale cranberries are commonly processed with upward to x times their natural sugar content.^[28] The drying procedure as well eliminates vitamin C content.^[28]

Enquiry [edit]

Urinary tract infections [edit]

A comprehensive review in 2012 of available research ended at that place is no evidence that cranberry juice or cranberry excerpt as tablets or capsules are effective in preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs).^[29] The European Food Prophylactic Say-so reviewed the evidence for one brand of cranberry extract and ended a cause and result relationship had non been established between cranberry consumption and reduced risk of UTIs.^[30]

One 2017 systematic review showed that consuming cranberry products reduced the incidence of UTIs in women with recurrent infections.^[31] Some other review of minor clinical studies indicated that consuming cranberry products could reduce the risk of UTIs by 26% in otherwise good for you women, although the authors indicated that larger studies were needed to confirm such an result.^[32]

A 2021 systematic review establish that there was bereft prove for or against using cranberry products to care for an acute UTI.^[33]

When the quality of meta-analyses on the efficacy of consuming cranberry products for preventing or treating UTIs is examined, large variation and dubiety of upshot are seen, resulting from inconsistencies of clinical research design and inadequate numbers of subjects.^[34]

Phytochemicals [edit]

Raw cranberries, cranberry juice and cranberry extracts are a source of polyphenols – including proanthocyanidins, flavonols^[35] and quercetin.^{[36] [37]} These phytochemical compounds are being studied in vivo and in vitro for possible effects on the cardiovascular system, immune organisation and cancer.^{[29] [38] [39]} However, there is no confirmation from human studies that consuming cranberry polyphenols provides anti-cancer, immune, or cardiovascular benefits.^{[29] [39]} Potential is limited by poor absorption and rapid excretion.^[38]

Cranberry juice contains a high molecular weight non-dializable cloth that is under research for its potential to bear upon formation of plaque past Streptococcus mutans pathogens that cause molar disuse.^{[40] [41]} Cranberry juice components are also being studied for possible effects on kidney rock formation.^{[39] [42] [43]}

[edit]

Bug may arise with the lack of validation for quantifying of A-type proanthocyanidins (PAC) extracted from cranberries. For instance, PAC extract quality and content can be performed using different methods including the European Pharmacopoeia method, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry,^[44] or a modified 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde colorimetric method.^[45] Variations in extract analysis can pb to difficulties in assessing the quality of PAC extracts from different cranberry starting cloth, such as by regional origin, ripeness at time of harvest and post-harvest processing. Assessments show that quality varies greatly from one commercial PAC excerpt production to another.^[46]

Possible safety concerns [edit]

The anticoagulant effects of warfarin may be increased by consuming cranberry juice, resulting in agin effects such equally increased incidence of bleeding and bruising.^{[39] [47]} Other safety concerns from consuming large quantities of cranberry juice or using cranberry supplements include potential for nausea, and increasing stomach inflammation, sugar intake or kidney stone germination.^[39]

Marketing and economics [edit]

United States [edit]

Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of Thanksgiving and Christmas.

Annual U.South. crops of cranberries, 1907 to 1935

In the U.S., large-scale cranberry cultivation has been developed equally opposed to other countries. American cranberry growers have a long history of cooperative marketing. Every bit early as 1904, John Gaynor, a Wisconsin grower, and A.U. Chaney, a fruit broker from Des Moines, Iowa, organized Wisconsin growers into a cooperative called the Wisconsin Cranberry Sales Company to receive a uniform price from buyers. Growers in New Jersey and Massachusetts were also organized into cooperatives, creating the National Fruit Exchange that marketed fruit nether the Eatmor make. The success of cooperative marketing nearly led to its failure. With consistent and loftier prices, area and production doubled between 1903 and 1917 and prices barbarous. ^{[ citation needed ]}

With surplus cranberries and irresolute American households some enterprising growers began canning cranberries that were below-class for fresh market place. Competition betwixt canners was fierce because profits were thin. The Body of water Spray cooperative was established in 1930 through a merger of three primary processing companies: Sea Spray Preserving company, Makepeace Preserving Co, and Cranberry Products Co. The new company was chosen Cranberry Canners, Inc. and used the Ocean Spray label on their products. Since the new company represented over ninety% of the market place, it would have been illegal nether American antitrust laws had attorney John Quarles not establish an exemption for agricultural cooperatives. As of 2006^[update], about 65% of the Northward American manufacture belongs to the Sea Spray cooperative.^[48]

In 1958, Morris Apr Brothers—who produced Eatmor brand cranberry sauce in Tuckahoe, New Jersey—brought an action against Body of water Spray for violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act and won $200,000 in real amercement plus triple damages,^{[ citation needed ]} merely in fourth dimension for the Great Cranberry Scare: on 9 November 1959, Secretary of the United states Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Arthur S. Flemming announced that some of the 1959 cranberry crop was tainted with traces of the herbicide aminotriazole. The market for cranberries collapsed and growers lost millions of dollars.^[25] However, the scare taught the industry that they could not be completely dependent on the vacation market for their products; they had to find year-round markets for their fruit. They besides had to be exceedingly careful most their utilise of pesticides. After the aminotriazole scare, Ocean Spray reorganized and spent substantial sums on product evolution. New products such as cranberry-apple juice blends were introduced, followed by other juice blends.

Prices and product increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s. Prices peaked at about $65.00 per barrel ($0.65/lb or $1.43/kg)—a cranberry barrel equals 100 pounds or 45.iv kilograms—in 1996 so fell to $eighteen.00 per barrel ($0.18/lb or $0.40/kg) in 2001. The cause for the sharp drop was classic oversupply. Production had outpaced consumption leading to substantial inventory in freezers or as concentrate. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Cranberry handlers (processors) include Body of water Spray, Cliffstar Corporation, Northland Cranberries Inc. (Sun Northland LLC), Clement Pappas & Co., and Decas Cranberry Products also as a number of small handlers and processors.^[49]

Cranberry Marketing Committee [edit]

The Cranberry Marketing Committee is an organization that was established in 1962 every bit a Federal Marketing Order to ensure a stable, orderly supply of good quality product.^[50] The order has been renewed and modified slightly over the years. The market order has been invoked during half-dozen crop years: 1962 (12%), 1963 (five%), 1970 (10%), 1971 (12%), 2000 (xv%), and 2001 (35%). Fifty-fifty though supply nevertheless exceeds need, there is piffling will to invoke the Federal Marketing Club out of the realization that any pullback in supply by U.S. growers would easily exist filled by Canadian product.^[fifty]

The Cranberry Marketing Committee, based in Wareham, Massachusetts, represents more than 1,100 cranberry growers and threescore cranberry handlers beyond Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington and New York (Long Island). The authority for the actions taken by the Cranberry Marketing Committee is provided in Chapter 9, Title seven, Code of Federal Regulations which is called the Federal Cranberry Marketing Order. The Order is role of the Agronomical Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, identifying cranberries every bit a article good that can be regulated by Congress. The Federal Cranberry Marketing Order has been altered over the years to expand the Cranberry Marketing Commission's power to develop projects in the United States and effectually the earth. The Cranberry Marketing Commission currently runs promotional programs in the United States, China, India, Mexico, Pan-Europe, and Republic of korea. ^{[ commendation needed ]}

International trade [edit]

As of 2016^[update], the European Wedlock was the largest importer of American cranberries, followed individually by Canada, Communist china, Mexico, and S Korea.^[51] From 2013 to 2017, U.S. cranberry exports to China grew exponentially, making China the second largest country importer, reaching $36 million in cranberry products.^[52] The China–Us trade war resulted in many Chinese businesses cutting off ties with their U.S. cranberry suppliers.^[53]

References [edit]

Notes

1. ^ Stace, Clive (2010), New Flora of the British Isles (tertiary ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 512, ISBN978-0-521-70772-5
2. ^ USDA, NRCS (northward.d.). "Vaccinium macrocarpon". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, Due north Carolina: National Plant Data Squad. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
3. ^ "How Cranberries Grow: "Cranberries 101" - An Introduction". Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association. 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
4. ^ Steven Clemants. "Vaccinium oxycoccos: Small Cranberry, Technical Folio". Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
5. ^ "About Cranberries". Cranberry Institute. Archived from the original on 9 Jan 2010. Retrieved 13 Nov 2009.
6. ^ Carol Deject Bailey (19 November 2009). "Garden Tips: Give thanks for cranberries, grown with a taste of Florida". TCPalm.com. Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
7. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica: Cranberry".
8. ^ Faculty of Natural Resources Management. "Oxycoccus microcarpus Small Cranberry". borealforest.org. Lakehead University.
9. ^ Jacquemart, Anne-Laure (1997). "Vaccinium Oxycoccos 50. (Oxycoccus Palustris Pers.) and Vaccinium Microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. (Oxycoccus Microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr.)". Journal of Environmental. 85 (3): 381–396. doi:x.2307/2960511. JSTOR 2960511.
10. ^ The Genus Vaccinium N America (PDF).
11. ^ "American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) : FAQ". Research Guides, University of Wisconsin Libraries, Madison, WI. 2017. Retrieved vii December 2017.
12. ^ ^{a b} "Cranberry". Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
13. ^ ^{a b c d east f} Caruso FL; Bristow PR; Oudemans PV (2000). "Cranberries: The Most Intriguing Native North American Fruit". Apsnet Feature Articles. doi:10.1094/APSnetFeature-2000-1100. Archived from the original on eight December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
14. ^ Broussard, Melissa; Rao, Sujaya; Stephen, William P.; White, Linda (June 2011). "Native Bees, Honeybees, and Pollination in Oregon Cranberries". HortScience. 46 (vi): 885–888. doi:10.21273/hortsci.46.6.885. ISSN 0018-5345.
15. ^ ^{a b c} "Cranberry product in top-producing States to increase modestly in 2021". Economic Research Service, US Section of Agriculture. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
16. ^ "The Cranberry". Center for Agriculture, Nutrient and the Environment. 7 August 2015. Retrieved seven May 2019.
17. ^ Carolyn J. DeMoranville; Hilary A. Sandler & Frank L. Caruso (June 2001). "Planting New Cranberry Beds: Recommendations and management" (PDF). University of Massachusetts, Cranberry Experiment Station. Retrieved five May 2018.
18. ^ "Alternative 4 – Bog Renovation for Cranberry Growing" (PDF). Town of Carlisle, Massachusetts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
19. ^ Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 66. ISBN0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
20. ^ "Wet Picking". Rock Span Farm . Retrieved 7 May 2019.
21. ^ "Fresh Fruit Production BMP: Publications UMass Cranberry Station". www.umass.edu . Retrieved 7 May 2019.
22. ^ ^{a b} "Cranberry production in 2020, Crops/Regions/Globe list/Product Quantity (choice lists)". Un Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
23. ^ ^{a b} Ronda Payne (2 July 2019). "Crazy for cranberries in Canada". Fruit & Vegetable, Annex Business Media. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
24. ^ "Cranberry cultivation". US Cranberries. 2018. Retrieved eighteen Oct 2018.
25. ^ ^{a b c} Zeldes, Leah A. (25 Nov 2009). "Swallow this! Cranberries more a thanksgiving condiment". Dining Chicago. Chicago'due south Eatery & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from the original on 1 Feb 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
26. ^ ^{a b} "The American Cranberry-Bones Data on Cranberries". Library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
27. ^ Calvan, Bobby Caina. "Cranberry manufacture seeks to avoid schoolhouse ban." Boston Globe, 25 June 2012.
28. ^ ^{a b} "Cranberries, stale (survey)". FoodData Central, United states Department of Agriculture. 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
29. ^ ^{a b c} Jepson, RG; Williams, G; Craig, JC (2012). "Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. ten (ten): CD001321. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub5. PMC7027998. PMID 23076891. CD001321.
30. ^ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (May 2014). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to CranMax® and reduction of the run a risk of urinary tract infection by inhibiting the adhesion of certain leaner in the urinary tract pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061". EFSA Periodical. 12 (5). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3657. 3657.
31. ^ Luís, Â; Domingues, F; Pereira, L (10 March 2017). "Can Cranberries Contribute to Reduce the Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Assay of Clinical Trials". Journal of Urology. 198 (iii): 614–621. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2017.03.078. PMID 28288837. S2CID 206632675.
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Further reading

• Cole, Southward. & Gifford, L. (2009). The Cranberry: Hard Piece of work and Holiday Sauce. Tilbury Business firm Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88448-316-8
• Trehane, J. (2009). Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums. Timber Printing. ISBN 978-i-60469-072-9

External links [edit]

Media related to Cranberries at Wikimedia Commons

• Germplasm Resources Information Network: Sect. Oxycoccus and Sect. Oxycoccoides
• University of Massachusetts Amherst Cranberry Station for data on cranberry research
• Cranberry Library Page Hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison
• Wikimapia An overhead view of a cranberry farm near Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
• Cranberry research at Rutgers, The State University of New Bailiwick of jersey
• University of Massachusetts Cranberry Station Hosted by the University of Massachusetts - Amherst
• "Harvest-Time in a Cranberry Bog", The Booklovers Mag, December 1904. Internet Archive.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry

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